Solving CVRP with ACO

Minimizing Travel Cost for Complex Delivery Problems

Start With The Story

This scenario involves the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, solved using the meta-heuristics algorithm Ant Colony Optimization. Basically, VRP is a network consisting of a number of nodes (sometimes called cities) and arcs connecting one to all others along with the corresponding costs. Mostly, the aim is to minimize the cost in visiting each customer once and only once. The term "capacitated" is added due to some capacity constraints on the vehicles (vcap).

Enter the problem. Some company wants to deliver loads to a number of customers. In this case, we have 24 nodes based on the location of Germany's train stations (don't ask why). The delivery always starts from and ends at the depot, visiting a list of customers in other cities. And then a number of questions arise:

  • How do we minimize the travel cost in terms of distance?
  • How many trucks are required?
  • Which cities are visited by the truck #1, #2. etc.?
Such questions are addressed by employing the ants.

How to use this page?
Two parameters can be adjusted:
  • depot: [0..23], def = 0
  • vcap: [200..400], def = 400
Calling this page without parameter will get the defaults. Otherwise, just try something like this

There is a way to set all the demands, but I don't think you are ready for that. 😉
Map
DEPOT: Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
VCAP: 400 vol.
ACTIVE: 22 customers
  1. Berlin Hbf (45 vol.)
  2. Düsseldorf Hbf (75 vol.)
  3. Frankfurt Hbf (90 vol.)
  4. Hannover Hbf (90 vol.)
  5. Aachen Hbf (70 vol.)
  6. Stuttgart Hbf (30 vol.)
  7. Dresden Hbf (50 vol.)
  8. Hamburg Hbf (100 vol.)
  9. München Hbf (60 vol.)
  10. Bremen Hbf (35 vol.)
  11. Leipzig Hbf (55 vol.)
  12. Dortmund Hbf (35 vol.)
  13. Nürnberg Hbf (90 vol.)
  14. Karlsruhe Hbf (100 vol.)
  15. Ulm Hbf (95 vol.)
  16. Köln Hbf (30 vol.)
  17. Mannheim Hbf (75 vol.)
  18. Mainz Hbf (50 vol.)
  19. Würzburg Hbf (90 vol.)
  20. Saarbrücken Hbf (50 vol.)
  21. Osnabrück Hbf (65 vol.)
  22. Freiburg Hbf (100 vol.)
Result
OVERALL | #TOURS: 4 | COST: 4493.279 km | LOAD: 1480 vol. | VCAP: 400 vol.
Tour 1
COST: 1151.121 km
LOAD: 400 vol.

  1. Mannheim Hbf | 75 vol.
  2. Saarbrücken Hbf | 50 vol.
  3. Aachen Hbf | 70 vol.
  4. Köln Hbf | 30 vol.
  5. Düsseldorf Hbf | 75 vol.
  6. Dortmund Hbf | 35 vol.
  7. Osnabrück Hbf | 65 vol.

Tour 2
COST: 1287.425 km
LOAD: 375 vol.

  1. Hannover Hbf | 90 vol.
  2. Bremen Hbf | 35 vol.
  3. Hamburg Hbf | 100 vol.
  4. Berlin Hbf | 45 vol.
  5. Dresden Hbf | 50 vol.
  6. Leipzig Hbf | 55 vol.

Tour 3
COST: 1078.186 km
LOAD: 365 vol.

  1. Nürnberg Hbf | 90 vol.
  2. München Hbf | 60 vol.
  3. Ulm Hbf | 95 vol.
  4. Stuttgart Hbf | 30 vol.
  5. Würzburg Hbf | 90 vol.

Tour 4
COST: 976.547 km
LOAD: 340 vol.

  1. Karlsruhe Hbf | 100 vol.
  2. Freiburg Hbf | 100 vol.
  3. Mainz Hbf | 50 vol.
  4. Frankfurt Hbf | 90 vol.

ANTS
#generations: 10 for global, 5 for local
#ants: 5 times #active_customers

ACO
Rel. importance of pheromones α = 1.0
Rel. importance of visibility β = 10.0
Trail persistance ρ = 0.5
Pheromone intensity Q = 10

See this wikipedia page to learn more.

What kind of cost?
Directed driving distance, obtained through Google API. The visualization does not display that since the idea is VRP. Adding such feature is very easy, but not a priority for this case.
Can we use any address?
Yes, absolutely. What we need is the geo-coordinates of the addresses, and the distance matrix, which is not a problem. See my oldie master thesis here, implemented using PHP/MySQL for a delivery case in Darmstadt city, Germany.
Travel time as the cost?
Just replace the distance matrix with a duration matrix, then it is done. Please keep in mind, this feature is not intended for realtime use. But regarding the idea, not an issue.
Up to how many nodes?
There is no definitive answer for that. However, if a large number of nodes involved, a good strategy is required. Actually, for this one, a suitable technique is already implemented instead of a "plain" ACO. 

NETWORK
Depo: [0] Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe | Number of cities: 24 | Total loads: 1480 vol. | Vehicle capacity: 400 vol.
Loads: [0, 45, 75, 90, 90, 70, 30, 50, 100, 60, 35, 55, 35, 90, 100, 95, 30, 75, 0, 50, 90, 50, 65, 100]

ITERATION
Generation: #1
Best cost: 5397.537 | Path: [0, 1, 7, 11, 8, 10, 22, 12, 0, 2, 16, 5, 3, 19, 17, 0, 4, 20, 13, 9, 6, 0, 14, 15, 23, 21, 0]
Best cost: 5362.405 | Path: [0, 7, 11, 1, 8, 10, 4, 0, 20, 3, 19, 17, 6, 21, 0, 12, 2, 16, 5, 22, 13, 0, 14, 23, 15, 9, 0]
Best cost: 5291.529 | Path: [0, 9, 15, 6, 14, 17, 12, 0, 22, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 0, 20, 3, 19, 21, 23, 0, 2, 16, 5, 13, 11, 0]
Best cost: 5169.296 | Path: [0, 11, 7, 1, 8, 10, 22, 12, 0, 2, 16, 5, 19, 3, 17, 0, 4, 15, 6, 14, 21, 0, 20, 13, 9, 23, 0]
Best cost: 5132.023 | Path: [0, 13, 20, 3, 19, 17, 0, 22, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 0, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 14, 6, 0, 11, 9, 15, 23, 0]
Best cost: 5121.073 | Path: [0, 7, 11, 1, 4, 10, 8, 0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 16, 0, 2, 12, 22, 5, 21, 19, 0, 3, 17, 14, 23, 0]
Best cost: 5075.186 | Path: [0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 16, 0, 11, 7, 1, 8, 4, 10, 0, 12, 2, 5, 19, 3, 17, 0, 22, 21, 14, 23, 0]
Best cost: 4980.301 | Path: [0, 11, 7, 1, 8, 10, 4, 0, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 17, 19, 0, 22, 3, 20, 13, 9, 0, 14, 6, 15, 23, 0]
Best cost: 4905.659 | Path: [0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 3, 6, 0, 4, 10, 8, 1, 11, 7, 0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 19, 0, 17, 14, 23, 21, 0]
Best cost: 4882.024 | Path: [0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 3, 6, 0, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 11, 0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 21, 0, 19, 17, 14, 23, 0]
Best cost: 4720.292 | Path: [0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 16, 0, 22, 12, 2, 5, 21, 17, 0, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 11, 0, 3, 19, 14, 23, 0]
Best cost: 4701.291 | Path: [0, 15, 6, 14, 17, 3, 0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 19, 0, 11, 7, 1, 8, 10, 4, 0, 20, 13, 9, 23, 0]
Best cost: 4510.247 | Path: [0, 11, 7, 1, 8, 10, 4, 0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 17, 0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 0, 3, 19, 14, 23, 0]
Generation: #7
Best cost: 4508.861 | Path: [0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 17, 0, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 11, 0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 0, 3, 19, 14, 23, 0]

OPTIMIZING each tour...
Current: [[0, 22, 12, 2, 16, 5, 21, 17, 0], [0, 4, 10, 8, 1, 7, 11, 0], [0, 20, 13, 9, 15, 6, 0], [0, 3, 19, 14, 23, 0]]
[1] Cost: 1158.992 to 1151.121 | Optimized: [0, 17, 21, 5, 16, 2, 12, 22, 0]
[3] Cost: 1085.327 to 1078.186 | Optimized: [0, 13, 9, 15, 6, 20, 0]
[4] Cost:  977.117 to  976.547 | Optimized: [0, 14, 23, 19, 3, 0]

ACO RESULTS
[1/400 vol./1151.121 km] Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe -> Mannheim Hbf -> Saarbrücken Hbf -> Aachen Hbf -> Köln Hbf -> Düsseldorf Hbf -> Dortmund Hbf -> Osnabrück Hbf --> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
[2/375 vol./1287.425 km] Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe -> Hannover Hbf -> Bremen Hbf -> Hamburg Hbf -> Berlin Hbf -> Dresden Hbf -> Leipzig Hbf --> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
[3/365 vol./1078.186 km] Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe -> Nürnberg Hbf -> München Hbf -> Ulm Hbf -> Stuttgart Hbf -> Würzburg Hbf --> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
[4/340 vol./ 976.547 km] Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe -> Karlsruhe Hbf -> Freiburg Hbf -> Mainz Hbf -> Frankfurt Hbf --> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
OPTIMIZATION RESULT: 4 tours | 4493.279 km.