Solving CVRP with ACO

Minimizing Travel Cost for Complex Delivery Problems

Start With The Story

This scenario involves the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, solved using the meta-heuristics algorithm Ant Colony Optimization. Basically, VRP is a network consisting of a number of nodes (sometimes called cities) and arcs connecting one to all others along with the corresponding costs. Mostly, the aim is to minimize the cost in visiting each customer once and only once. The term "capacitated" is added due to some capacity constraints on the vehicles (vcap).

Enter the problem. Some company wants to deliver loads to a number of customers. In this case, we have 24 nodes based on the location of Germany's train stations (don't ask why). The delivery always starts from and ends at the depot, visiting a list of customers in other cities. And then a number of questions arise:

  • How do we minimize the travel cost in terms of distance?
  • How many trucks are required?
  • Which cities are visited by the truck #1, #2. etc.?
Such questions are addressed by employing the ants.

How to use this page?
Two parameters can be adjusted:
  • depot: [0..23], def = 0
  • vcap: [200..400], def = 400
Calling this page without parameter will get the defaults. Otherwise, just try something like this

There is a way to set all the demands, but I don't think you are ready for that. 😉
Map
DEPOT: Berlin Hbf
VCAP: 300 vol.
ACTIVE: 17 customers
  1. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe (75 vol.)
  2. Düsseldorf Hbf (60 vol.)
  3. Frankfurt Hbf (65 vol.)
  4. Hannover Hbf (95 vol.)
  5. Aachen Hbf (80 vol.)
  6. Stuttgart Hbf (50 vol.)
  7. München Hbf (80 vol.)
  8. Leipzig Hbf (20 vol.)
  9. Dortmund Hbf (55 vol.)
  10. Nürnberg Hbf (40 vol.)
  11. Karlsruhe Hbf (80 vol.)
  12. Köln Hbf (80 vol.)
  13. Kiel Hbf (90 vol.)
  14. Würzburg Hbf (80 vol.)
  15. Saarbrücken Hbf (90 vol.)
  16. Osnabrück Hbf (35 vol.)
  17. Freiburg Hbf (60 vol.)
Result
OVERALL | #TOURS: 4 | COST: 5826.015 km | LOAD: 1135 vol. | VCAP: 300 vol.
Tour 1
COST: 1483.927 km
LOAD: 270 vol.

  1. Leipzig Hbf | 20 vol.
  2. Nürnberg Hbf | 40 vol.
  3. München Hbf | 80 vol.
  4. Stuttgart Hbf | 50 vol.
  5. Würzburg Hbf | 80 vol.

Tour 2
COST: 1303.653 km
LOAD: 295 vol.

  1. Hannover Hbf | 95 vol.
  2. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe | 75 vol.
  3. Osnabrück Hbf | 35 vol.
  4. Kiel Hbf | 90 vol.

Tour 3
COST: 1291.407 km
LOAD: 275 vol.

  1. Köln Hbf | 80 vol.
  2. Aachen Hbf | 80 vol.
  3. Düsseldorf Hbf | 60 vol.
  4. Dortmund Hbf | 55 vol.

Tour 4
COST: 1747.028 km
LOAD: 295 vol.

  1. Frankfurt Hbf | 65 vol.
  2. Karlsruhe Hbf | 80 vol.
  3. Freiburg Hbf | 60 vol.
  4. Saarbrücken Hbf | 90 vol.

ANTS
#generations: 10 for global, 5 for local
#ants: 5 times #active_customers

ACO
Rel. importance of pheromones α = 1.0
Rel. importance of visibility β = 10.0
Trail persistance ρ = 0.5
Pheromone intensity Q = 10

See this wikipedia page to learn more.

What kind of cost?
Directed driving distance, obtained through Google API. The visualization does not display that since the idea is VRP. Adding such feature is very easy, but not a priority for this case.
Can we use any address?
Yes, absolutely. What we need is the geo-coordinates of the addresses, and the distance matrix, which is not a problem. See my oldie master thesis here, implemented using PHP/MySQL for a delivery case in Darmstadt city, Germany.
Travel time as the cost?
Just replace the distance matrix with a duration matrix, then it is done. Please keep in mind, this feature is not intended for realtime use. But regarding the idea, not an issue.
Up to how many nodes?
There is no definitive answer for that. However, if a large number of nodes involved, a good strategy is required. Actually, for this one, a suitable technique is already implemented instead of a "plain" ACO. 

NETWORK
Depo: [1] Berlin Hbf | Number of cities: 24 | Total loads: 1135 vol. | Vehicle capacity: 300 vol.
Loads: [75, 0, 60, 65, 95, 80, 50, 0, 0, 80, 0, 20, 55, 40, 80, 0, 80, 0, 90, 0, 80, 90, 35, 60]

ITERATION
Generation: #1
Best cost: 7287.706 | Path: [1, 0, 22, 4, 12, 13, 1, 11, 20, 3, 14, 6, 1, 18, 2, 16, 23, 1, 9, 21, 5, 1]
Best cost: 6461.152 | Path: [1, 2, 16, 5, 12, 11, 1, 4, 22, 0, 20, 1, 18, 3, 14, 6, 1, 13, 9, 23, 21, 1]
Best cost: 6328.453 | Path: [1, 6, 14, 23, 21, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 12, 1, 0, 3, 20, 13, 1, 2, 16, 5, 9, 1]
Best cost: 6229.070 | Path: [1, 16, 2, 5, 12, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1, 6, 14, 21, 3, 1, 13, 20, 23, 9, 1]
Best cost: 6162.418 | Path: [1, 2, 16, 5, 12, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1, 13, 20, 3, 14, 1, 9, 6, 23, 21, 1]
Best cost: 6078.171 | Path: [1, 20, 13, 9, 6, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1, 2, 16, 5, 12, 1, 3, 21, 14, 23, 1]
Generation: #2
Best cost: 6035.903 | Path: [1, 14, 6, 20, 13, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1, 9, 23, 21, 3, 1, 12, 2, 16, 5, 1]
Generation: #3
Best cost: 6006.448 | Path: [1, 20, 13, 9, 6, 11, 1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1, 12, 2, 16, 5, 1, 3, 14, 23, 21, 1]

OPTIMIZING each tour...
Current: [[1, 20, 13, 9, 6, 11, 1], [1, 18, 4, 22, 0, 1], [1, 12, 2, 16, 5, 1], [1, 3, 14, 23, 21, 1]]
[1] Cost: 1640.741 to 1483.927 | Optimized: [1, 11, 13, 9, 6, 20, 1]
[2] Cost: 1310.251 to 1303.653 | Optimized: [1, 4, 0, 22, 18, 1]
[3] Cost: 1308.428 to 1291.407 | Optimized: [1, 16, 5, 2, 12, 1]

ACO RESULTS
[1/270 vol./1483.927 km] Berlin Hbf -> Leipzig Hbf -> Nürnberg Hbf -> München Hbf -> Stuttgart Hbf -> Würzburg Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[2/295 vol./1303.653 km] Berlin Hbf -> Hannover Hbf -> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe -> Osnabrück Hbf -> Kiel Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[3/275 vol./1291.407 km] Berlin Hbf -> Köln Hbf -> Aachen Hbf -> Düsseldorf Hbf -> Dortmund Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[4/295 vol./1747.028 km] Berlin Hbf -> Frankfurt Hbf -> Karlsruhe Hbf -> Freiburg Hbf -> Saarbrücken Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
OPTIMIZATION RESULT: 4 tours | 5826.015 km.