Solving CVRP with ACO

Minimizing Travel Cost for Complex Delivery Problems

Start With The Story

This scenario involves the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, solved using the meta-heuristics algorithm Ant Colony Optimization. Basically, VRP is a network consisting of a number of nodes (sometimes called cities) and arcs connecting one to all others along with the corresponding costs. Mostly, the aim is to minimize the cost in visiting each customer once and only once. The term "capacitated" is added due to some capacity constraints on the vehicles (vcap).

Enter the problem. Some company wants to deliver loads to a number of customers. In this case, we have 24 nodes based on the location of Germany's train stations (don't ask why). The delivery always starts from and ends at the depot, visiting a list of customers in other cities. And then a number of questions arise:

  • How do we minimize the travel cost in terms of distance?
  • How many trucks are required?
  • Which cities are visited by the truck #1, #2. etc.?
Such questions are addressed by employing the ants.

How to use this page?
Two parameters can be adjusted:
  • depot: [0..23], def = 0
  • vcap: [200..400], def = 400
Calling this page without parameter will get the defaults. Otherwise, just try something like this

There is a way to set all the demands, but I don't think you are ready for that. 😉
Map
DEPOT: Berlin Hbf
VCAP: 300 vol.
ACTIVE: 21 customers
  1. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe (90 vol.)
  2. Frankfurt Hbf (65 vol.)
  3. Hannover Hbf (45 vol.)
  4. Aachen Hbf (75 vol.)
  5. Stuttgart Hbf (35 vol.)
  6. Dresden Hbf (55 vol.)
  7. Hamburg Hbf (60 vol.)
  8. München Hbf (75 vol.)
  9. Bremen Hbf (80 vol.)
  10. Leipzig Hbf (55 vol.)
  11. Dortmund Hbf (95 vol.)
  12. Nürnberg Hbf (75 vol.)
  13. Karlsruhe Hbf (55 vol.)
  14. Ulm Hbf (20 vol.)
  15. Köln Hbf (30 vol.)
  16. Mannheim Hbf (90 vol.)
  17. Kiel Hbf (40 vol.)
  18. Mainz Hbf (90 vol.)
  19. Saarbrücken Hbf (70 vol.)
  20. Osnabrück Hbf (20 vol.)
  21. Freiburg Hbf (35 vol.)
Result
OVERALL | #TOURS: 5 | COST: 7218.185 km | LOAD: 1255 vol. | VCAP: 300 vol.
Tour 1
COST: 1846.286 km
LOAD: 295 vol.

  1. München Hbf | 75 vol.
  2. Ulm Hbf | 20 vol.
  3. Stuttgart Hbf | 35 vol.
  4. Karlsruhe Hbf | 55 vol.
  5. Freiburg Hbf | 35 vol.
  6. Nürnberg Hbf | 75 vol.

Tour 2
COST: 1098.074 km
LOAD: 295 vol.

  1. Dresden Hbf | 55 vol.
  2. Leipzig Hbf | 55 vol.
  3. Hannover Hbf | 45 vol.
  4. Bremen Hbf | 80 vol.
  5. Hamburg Hbf | 60 vol.

Tour 3
COST: 1591.309 km
LOAD: 260 vol.

  1. Dortmund Hbf | 95 vol.
  2. Aachen Hbf | 75 vol.
  3. Köln Hbf | 30 vol.
  4. Osnabrück Hbf | 20 vol.
  5. Kiel Hbf | 40 vol.

Tour 4
COST: 1204.747 km
LOAD: 245 vol.

  1. Mainz Hbf | 90 vol.
  2. Frankfurt Hbf | 65 vol.
  3. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe | 90 vol.

Tour 5
COST: 1477.769 km
LOAD: 160 vol.

  1. Mannheim Hbf | 90 vol.
  2. Saarbrücken Hbf | 70 vol.

ANTS
#generations: 10 for global, 5 for local
#ants: 5 times #active_customers

ACO
Rel. importance of pheromones α = 1.0
Rel. importance of visibility β = 10.0
Trail persistance ρ = 0.5
Pheromone intensity Q = 10

See this wikipedia page to learn more.

What kind of cost?
Directed driving distance, obtained through Google API. The visualization does not display that since the idea is VRP. Adding such feature is very easy, but not a priority for this case.
Can we use any address?
Yes, absolutely. What we need is the geo-coordinates of the addresses, and the distance matrix, which is not a problem. See my oldie master thesis here, implemented using PHP/MySQL for a delivery case in Darmstadt city, Germany.
Travel time as the cost?
Just replace the distance matrix with a duration matrix, then it is done. Please keep in mind, this feature is not intended for realtime use. But regarding the idea, not an issue.
Up to how many nodes?
There is no definitive answer for that. However, if a large number of nodes involved, a good strategy is required. Actually, for this one, a suitable technique is already implemented instead of a "plain" ACO. 

NETWORK
Depo: [1] Berlin Hbf | Number of cities: 24 | Total loads: 1255 vol. | Vehicle capacity: 300 vol.
Loads: [90, 0, 0, 65, 45, 75, 35, 55, 60, 75, 80, 55, 95, 75, 55, 20, 30, 90, 40, 90, 0, 70, 20, 35]

ITERATION
Generation: #1
Best cost: 8516.075 | Path: [1, 0, 12, 16, 5, 1, 11, 7, 13, 9, 15, 22, 1, 4, 10, 8, 18, 6, 23, 1, 3, 19, 17, 14, 1, 21, 1]
Best cost: 8362.401 | Path: [1, 3, 19, 17, 14, 1, 11, 7, 13, 9, 15, 22, 1, 8, 18, 4, 10, 5, 1, 0, 12, 16, 21, 1, 6, 23, 1]
Best cost: 7576.744 | Path: [1, 5, 16, 12, 22, 10, 1, 18, 8, 4, 0, 3, 1, 11, 7, 13, 9, 15, 1, 17, 14, 6, 23, 21, 1, 19, 1]
Best cost: 7513.430 | Path: [1, 23, 14, 6, 15, 9, 13, 1, 11, 7, 4, 10, 8, 1, 18, 12, 16, 5, 22, 1, 19, 3, 17, 1, 0, 21, 1]
Best cost: 7429.869 | Path: [1, 8, 18, 10, 22, 4, 7, 1, 11, 19, 3, 17, 1, 0, 12, 16, 5, 1, 13, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 1, 21, 1]
Best cost: 7423.125 | Path: [1, 18, 8, 10, 22, 12, 1, 7, 11, 13, 9, 15, 1, 4, 0, 3, 19, 1, 21, 17, 14, 6, 23, 1, 16, 5, 1]
Best cost: 7351.985 | Path: [1, 13, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 1, 11, 7, 3, 19, 16, 1, 4, 22, 10, 8, 18, 1, 0, 12, 5, 1, 17, 21, 1]
Best cost: 7328.117 | Path: [1, 9, 15, 6, 14, 17, 22, 1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1, 0, 12, 16, 5, 1, 18, 19, 3, 21, 23, 1, 13, 1]
Generation: #2
Best cost: 7292.961 | Path: [1, 19, 3, 17, 14, 1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1, 0, 12, 16, 5, 1, 18, 22, 23, 21, 6, 15, 9, 1, 13, 1]
Best cost: 7268.106 | Path: [1, 9, 15, 6, 14, 17, 22, 1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1, 0, 12, 16, 5, 1, 18, 3, 19, 21, 23, 1, 13, 1]
Best cost: 7245.013 | Path: [1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1, 13, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 1, 18, 22, 12, 16, 5, 1, 0, 3, 19, 1, 21, 17, 1]
Best cost: 7244.566 | Path: [1, 13, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1, 18, 22, 12, 16, 5, 1, 0, 3, 19, 1, 17, 21, 1]

OPTIMIZING each tour...
Current: [[1, 13, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 1], [1, 7, 11, 4, 10, 8, 1], [1, 18, 22, 12, 16, 5, 1], [1, 0, 3, 19, 1], [1, 17, 21, 1]]
[1] Cost: 1854.802 to 1846.286 | Optimized: [1, 9, 15, 6, 14, 23, 13, 1]
[3] Cost: 1608.274 to 1591.309 | Optimized: [1, 12, 5, 16, 22, 18, 1]
[4] Cost: 1205.647 to 1204.747 | Optimized: [1, 19, 3, 0, 1]

ACO RESULTS
[1/295 vol./1846.286 km] Berlin Hbf -> München Hbf -> Ulm Hbf -> Stuttgart Hbf -> Karlsruhe Hbf -> Freiburg Hbf -> Nürnberg Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[2/295 vol./1098.074 km] Berlin Hbf -> Dresden Hbf -> Leipzig Hbf -> Hannover Hbf -> Bremen Hbf -> Hamburg Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[3/260 vol./1591.309 km] Berlin Hbf -> Dortmund Hbf -> Aachen Hbf -> Köln Hbf -> Osnabrück Hbf -> Kiel Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
[4/245 vol./1204.747 km] Berlin Hbf -> Mainz Hbf -> Frankfurt Hbf -> Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe --> Berlin Hbf
[5/160 vol./1477.769 km] Berlin Hbf -> Mannheim Hbf -> Saarbrücken Hbf --> Berlin Hbf
OPTIMIZATION RESULT: 5 tours | 7218.185 km.